Method and apparatus for independent and efficient delivery of services to wireless devices capable of supporting multiple radio interfaces and network infrastructure

ABSTRACT

Independent delivery services to wireless terminals capable of supporting multiple radio interfaces is achieved through the employment of a service management center (SMC). The SMC determines the set of services and parameters based on the capability and service profile of the wireless terminal.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S)

This application claims priority from U.S. provisional application No. 60/530,195 filed on Dec. 17, 2003, which is incorporated by reference as if fully set forth.

FIELD OF INVENTION

The present invention relates to wireless networks and more particularly to method and apparatus for delivering services to wireless terminals capable of supporting multiple radio interfaces and network infrastructures.

BACKGROUND

Wireless systems currently in use are mainly voice/services based. Supplemental services such as short message service (SMS), multimedia messaging service (MMS), instant messaging service (IMS) and the like have been deployed over wireless systems and generate significant revenues for the operators. This is complicated by the fact that these services are closely tied to specific technologies and network infrastructure and users may not be able to reach these services by way of another wireless access technology other than the one supported by the user's terminal.

Various wireless local area networks (WLANs) such as IEEE 802.11, and wireless metropolitan area networks (WMANs) such as IEEE 802.16 and 802.20 have been developed. While there are functional distinctions between WLANs and WMANs, “WLANs” as used herein are intended to include WLANs, WMANs and similar wireless networks. The development of the WLANs such as IEEE 802.11, 802.16 and 802.20 among others, the integration of such networks into existing wireless networks such as General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), universal mobile telecommunication system (UMTS), code division multiple access 2000 (CDMA 2000) to name just a few, together with the variety of wireless terminals that can support such technologies, it is advantageous to provide for independent delivery of such services to wireless terminals capable of supporting multiple radio interfaces and network infrastructures.

While these different services are typically separately accessed by the user, it is often the case where the availability of the services or type of service desired changes dynamically. In addition to changes in the type of data transferred by a single device such as transfer of data during a conversation, it is often the case that a user wishes to continue to communicate but wishes to change devices during a session. A simple example of this would be a user engaging in a live text message conversation session on fixed location computer, and then continuing the live text message conversation session while traveling. This sort of continuation of a single session would be particularly useful, for example, in cases where the session is being used in connection with maintenance and repair work, which may also include such functions as database access. Such changes of devices or communications services are difficult because the connections are substantially different in their configuration.

SUMMARY

According to the present invention, selection is made of a radio access technology (RAT) in a system which includes at least two networks having different RAT capabilities compatible with the RAT capabilities for communicating with a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) having multiple RAT capabilities. The WTRU establishes a connection with said first network, which provides an address to the WTRU. A service management center (SMC) communicates with the WTRU and a service client/servers (SC/S). The WTRU registers with the SMC to receive services and the SMC having means for retrieving a user profile of the WTRU forwarded to said SMC and sending a request for capability of said WTRU. The WTRU responds to the request to provide information including a capability and a service profile to said SMC. The SMC responds to the information for determining services to be provided to the WTRU and activates the SC/S to provide the service. The SC/S provides an acknowledgement to the SMC responsive to the activation; and the SMC responds to the acknowledgment by providing an acknowledgment to the WTRU.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present invention will be understood for the consideration of the accompanying figures wherein like elements are designated by like numerals, and, wherein:

FIG. 1 is a network diagram showing a simplified schematic of the basic network architecture embodying the principles of the present invention.

FIGS. 2 and 3 are diagrams showing the sequence of service registration, showing exemplary routines employed for establishing the appropriate service.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Hereafter, a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) includes but is not limited to a user equipment, mobile station, fixed or mobile subscriber unit, pager, or any other type of device capable of operating in a wireless environment. When referred to hereafter, a base station includes but is not limited to an access point (AP) such as an IEEE 802.11 access point, a Node B, site controller or any other type of interfacing device in a wireless environment.

The present invention provides method and apparatus for providing such independent delivery of such services to wireless terminals capable of supporting multiple radio interfaces through the employment of a service management center (SMC) 53, which determines the set of services and parameters based on the capability and service profile of the wireless terminal.

FIG. 1 shows a network architecture 10 which embodies the principles of the present invention and is comprised of a plurality of air interfaces 31-36. Also shown are a plurality of WTRUs. The air interfaces 31-36 include WLANs 31-33 and other types of wireless networks 34-36. While one of each type is shown, it is presumed that multiple air interfaces of each type will generally be present.

The wireless networks include general packet radio service (GPRS) 33, a third generation partnership (3GPP) network 34 and a 3GPP 2 network 34, and are connected to the IP or other protocol network 51 through the wireless network with which it is associated and by way of a variety of transport protocol, such as internet protocol (IP) or X.25. These network implementations are given as examples, and it is understood that other types of network implementations may be used with the present invention.

The WLANs 31-33 are a plurality of type 802 WLANs or WMANs such as 802.11, 802.16 and 802.20 although it is contemplated that other types of WLAN connections can be used. Each of these WLANs 31-33 is capable of serving wireless terminals to illustrate, a laptop 41 equipped with an 802.11 compatible WLAN card connected via air interface of WLAN 31; two (2) types of personal digital assistants (PDAs) 42 and 43 connected via air interface of WLANs 32 and 43; a cellphone with data capabilities 45 connected via GPRS network 34; a cellphone PDA combination device 44 connected via 3GPP network 35; a cellphone 46 equipped with a screen for displaying video images connected via 3GPP2 network 36 are illustrated in FIG. 1. It is of course noted that multiple air interfaces of one or more types are likely to be employed, and multiple WTRUs 41-46 will likely be associated with each air interface.

The various air interfaces 31-36 connect to a network connection 51 which can be an IP network or other suitable network connection. This connection may incorporate the Internet or any other network available to one or more of the air interfaces 31-36.

A service management center (SMC) 53 is in communication with the air interfaces 31-36, either directly or through the network connection 51. The SMC 51 determines the set of services and parameters based on the capability and service profile of the WTRUs 41-44 (user profile 56). Service clients or servers (SC/S) 55 are a variety of communications functions available through the network connection 51 or directly through the air interfaces 31-36 such as shown by the connection to WLANs 31, 32. It is also possible to provide the SC/S functions 55 through the SMC 53 which provides the connection through the network connection 51. The SC/S can provide any of a variety of supplemental services, such as messaging services including SMS, MMS and IMS, voice over IP (VoIP) information and data retrieval services and entertainment services. Additional services provided by SC/S functions 55 can be particular information, data or entertainment services which may be provided independently of the user's primary service provider and independent of the SMC 53. In some cases, the optimum connection to the particular SC/S 55 can be independent of the SMC 53 while in other cases, the SMC 53 may be advantageously used to either connect the user to the SC/S 55 or to supervise a network connection between the SC/S 55 and the user.

Particular ones of the WTRUs 41-46 are capable of communicating with a globally available data network such as the general packet radio service (GPRS), a third generation partnership (3GPP) network or a 3GPP 2 network, through the wireless network with which it is associated and by way of a variety of transport protocols, such as internet protocol (IP) or X.25. The latter protocol provides a low speed packet switched data service. Alternatively, communication may be by way of specific service protocol such as SMS simple mail transfer protocol (SMTP) or a similar service. For example, the laptop 41 of FIG. 1 may communicate with the GPRS network 34 by way of the 802.11 WLAN 31 and an IP network which communicates with the service management center (SMC) 53 that provides an interface to various service clients/servers (SC/S).

The system architecture is such that the WTRUs 41-46 know of the existence of the SMC 53 and the SMC 53 can also be known to the wireless network that supports the WTRUs, such as the 802.11 network which supports device 12. Also, any of the WTRUs 41-46 may be interchangeably used with any of the WLANs 31-33 or wireless wide area network WWAN 34-36, when they are provided with the appropriate wireless communication interfaces.

The SMC 53 maintains an updated profile of the capabilities of the WTRU 41-46 which include: radio access technology (RAT) capabilities such as a global system for mobile communications/general packet radio service (GSM/GPRS), Bluetooth® and 802.11. If these basic capabilities change, the SMC 53 is notified. For example, when a user removes the 802.11 card which enables communication of the device with the 802.11 WLAN, the SMC 53 is notified and updates the profile 56. The WTRU's unavailability and connections to the networks may also be maintained in the profile 56, for example GSM-connected, GPRS-available, Bluetooth®-recently available and 802.11-unknown.

Additionally, information regarding various services may be maintained in the profile. These service factors include costs for the services and quality of service (QoS) of the services.

The wireless device, such as device 12 may contain a logical entity that communicates with the SMC 53 at the network side. This entity may be embedded in device 12 or included in a universal integrated circuit card (UICC).

Initially, the WTRU 41-46, is connected using one of the wireless networks 31-36. The user requests a set of services compatible with his/her service profile, terminal capabilities, such as processing power, memory availability, screen size and type (i.e. color, black and white) and the like, and the access technology of the device, such as, for example, bandwidth, bit rate, QoS and the like. The SMC, when contacted by either the WTRU 41-46, or an external entity trying to access the WTRU 41-46, ascertains the best approach to RAT usage. For example, if access is made by way of a GPRS network 34 when an 802.11 WLAN network 31 is also available and meets the service criteria, the WTRU 41-46, requests establishment of an 802.11 connection. The GPRS is either dropped or maintained. The WTRU 41-46 alternatively has simultaneous access by way of multiple RATs, and the SMC 53 may direct/switch traffic between these multiple RATs. In some cases the SMC 53 may request the WTRU 41-46 to establish certain RAT connections when the status is unknown based on latency requirements.

In the event that a user elects to move to a different technology coverage area, the user updates current status of the WTRU 41-46. The user sends the update to the SMC 53. The SMC 53 updates the service profile and forwards the request to the SC/S 55 to potentially adjust the media/service parameters to accommodate the new environment and terminal capability.

If the service is adjusted, the SC/S 55 acknowledges the changes to the SMC 53 whereupon the SMC 53 acknowledges the changes and sends an acceptance report to the WTRU 41-46. Depending on circumstances and calling source, the SMC 53 may decide to switch RAT 56 (hand off between RATs). The SMC 53 may instruct the WTRU 41-46 to switch to a specific connection or to drop the current connection and to expect establishment of a new connection.

Similarly, the user engaged in a session may wish to transfer the session to a different WTRU (WTRUs 41-46). In that instance, the session is established with a first device, for example WTRU 41. The user may then determine it convenient to physically move away from WTRU 41 but continue the session using a different WTRU such as PDA 43. The session can be transferred to the PDA 43. If necessary, the SMC 53 can transfer the service 55 either to another network connection 51 or through a connection via the SMC 53. Likewise the session can originate with communications through the SMC 53 and continue either through the SMC 53 or through another network connection 51. In cases where the connection to a SC/S 55 is established directly through the network connection 51, the SMC 53 may still be used to control the transfer. This is different from a handoff of a single WTRU 41-46 to a different service 31-36 in that the handoff is from one WTRU to a different WTRU 43, in this case from WTRU 41 to WTRU 43. Since the services 55 provided through network connections 51 is separate from the service management function 53, the user's ability to use networked services is enhanced.

FIG. 2 is a diagram showing a sequence of an exemplary service registration using a GPRS networking 34. In FIG. 2, a user has a WTRU, such as a laptop 41 or cell phone 44, capable of supporting communications by 802.11 and GPRS. The WTRU 41, 44 acting as a GPRS WTRU 45 attaches to the GPRS network 34 (step 71). The GPRS network 34 acquires the address of the WTRU 45 (step 72). The WTRU 45 registers with the SMC 53 in order to receive services (step 73), and is connected with the SMC 53 through the Internet 46, which conveys the registration to the SMC 53 (step 74). The user profile, which is stored at the SMC, is retrieved (step 75) and the SMC 53 queries the user regarding terminal capabilities of the WTRU 45 which, for example, include technology-terminal type, screen size, services to be activated and the like. The query (step 76) is directed to the internet and conveyed (step 77) to the WTRU 45. The user, responsive thereto, provides the capability and service profile (step 78), which is transmitted through the Internet in order to be conveyed to the SMC 53 (step 79).

The SMC 53 determines the set of services (step 81), and activates the SC/S 55 (step 85) which sends an acknowledgement to the SMC 53 (step 86). This acknowledge (ACK) is transferred by the SMC through the Internet (step 87), and to the user device (step 88), whereupon service is established (step 91). The service established may be supported by the GPRS network 40 or the WTRU 45 may be switched to another network, such as an 802.11 network 31.

FIG. 3 is a diagram showing a sequence of an exemplary service registration using an IEEE 802.11 network 31. The WTRU 45 connects with the 802.11 network 31, (step 101). The 802.11 network 31 obtains the IP address of the WTRU 45 (step 102). The WTRU 45 re-registers with the SMC 53 (step 103) for purposes of updating the services, the SMC 53 receiving the communication by way of the internet 46 (step 104), and queries the user regarding terminal capabilities (steps 105-106), such as, for example, technology, terminal type, memory, screen size, services to be activated and so forth. The WTRU 45, responsive to the aforesaid query provides a capability and service profile (step 107) which is conveyed to the SMC 53 by way of the Internet (step 108). The SMC 53 updates the set of services/parameters (step 109) and activates the SC/S 55 (step 111). The SC/S 55 transmits an acknowledgement (ACK) to the SMC 53 (step 115) which transmits an acknowledgement (ACK) (step 115) which is in turn conveyed to the wireless device 41 through the Internet (step 116) and through the network (step 117), whereby service is established (step 121).

As described above, the SMC 53, depending upon the capability of the WTRU 45 and the required services, may switch the wireless device to another network, for example, switching the wireless device from the 802.11 WLAN to the GPRS, or vice versa, or retains service on both the WLAN and GPRS networks.

Although the embodiments of FIGS. 2 and 3 show a GPRS network 34 and a WLAN network 31, it can be applied to any wireless networks, such as GPRS, 3GPP, future 4G and the like.

Although the features and elements of the present invention are described in the preferred embodiments in particular combinations, each feature or element can be used alone (without the other features and elements of the preferred embodiments) or in various combinations with or without other features and elements of the present invention. 

1. Apparatus for selecting a radio access technology (RAT) capable of communicating with a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) having multiple RAT capabilities, comprising: first and second networks having first and second RAT capabilities respectively, said RAT capabilities being different from one another and being compatible with RAT capabilities of a first WTRU; said first WTRU having means for establishing a connection with said first network; said first network having means responsive to said connection for providing an address to said WTRU; a service management center having means for communicating with said WTRU and a service client/server (SC/S); said WTRU having means for registering with said service management center to receive services; said service management center having means for retrieving a user profile of the WTRU forwarded to said service management center and sending a request for capability of said WTRU; said WTRU having means responsive to said request to provide information including a capability and a service profile to said service management center; and said service management center having means responsive to said information for determining services to be provided to said WTRU.
 2. The apparatus of claim 1 comprising: said service management center having means responsive to said information for determining services to be provided to said WTRU and activating said SC/S to provide said service; said SC/S having means for providing an acknowledgement to said service management center responsive to said activation; and said service management center having means responsive to said acknowledge for providing an acknowledgement to said WTRU.
 3. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the service management center communicating handoff information, whereby a session provided to a first WTRU on the system communicating through said connection continues through a handoff to a second WTRU.
 4. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the service management center communicating handoff information, whereby a session provided to a first WTRU on the system communicating through said connection continues through a handoff to a second WTRU through a different service having access technology capability with the WTRU.
 5. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the service management center communicating handoff information, whereby a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) on the system communicating through said connection having access technology capability with the WTRU reroutes its communication through a different service having access technology capability with the WTRU.
 6. The apparatus of claim 1 comprising said first network provided as one of a wireless local area network (WLAN) and wireless wide area network (WWAN).
 7. The apparatus of claim 6 comprising said WLAN implementing one of a 802.11, 802.16 and 802.20 standard.
 8. The apparatus of claim 1 comprising said first network provided as one of a general packet radio service (GPRS), a third generation partnership project (3GPP), a 3GPP 2 and a global system for mobile communications (GSM).
 9. The apparatus of claim 1 comprising the first and second networks having capabilities of communication with WTRUs provided as personal computers, laptops, cell phones and personal digital assistants (PDAs).
 10. Apparatus for selecting a radio access technology (RAT) capable of communicating with a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) having multiple RAT capabilities, comprising: first and second networks having first and second RAT capabilities said RAT capabilities differing from one another and being compatible with RAT capabilities of a first WTRU, the first and second networks including at least one network air interface providing an air interface connection function with at least one WTRU; said first WTRU having means for establishing a connection with said first network; said first network having means responsive to said connection for providing an address to said WTRU; a service management function including a function for communicating with said WTRU and a separate WTRU; said service management function providing a registration function for registering the WTRU with said service management function to receive services; said service management function providing a function for retrieving specific data related to the WTRU, the WTRU forwarded to said service management function and to receive from the WTRU; and said service management function having means responsive to said information for determining services to be provided to said WTRU and activating said separate WTRU to provide said service.
 11. The apparatus of claim 10, further comprising said service management function having means responsive to an acknowledgement from said service said separate WTRU for providing an acknowledgement to said WTRU.
 12. The apparatus of claim 10 wherein the service management center communicating handoff information, whereby a session provided to a first WTRU on the system communicating through said connection continues through a handoff to a second WTRU through a different service having access technology capability with the WTRU.
 13. The apparatus of claim 10 comprising said first network provided as one of a wireless local area network (WLAN) and wireless wide area network (WWAN).
 14. The apparatus of claim 13 comprising said WLAN implementing one of a 802.11, 802.16 and 802.20 standard.
 15. The apparatus of claim 10 comprising said first network provided as one of a general packet radio service (GPRS), a third generation partnership project (3GPP), a 3GPP 2 and a global system for mobile communications (GSM).
 16. The apparatus of claim 10 comprising the first and second networks having capabilities of communication with WTRUs provided as personal computers, laptops, cell phones and personal digital assistants (PDAs).
 17. A method to provide independent delivery services to wireless terminals capable of supporting multiple radio interfaces, the method comprising: providing a communication services network; providing a service management center in communication with the communication services network; using the communication services network to communicate through a plurality of air interfaces; establishing communication with a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) through at least one of the air interfaces; and communicating, through said one of the air interface and the communication services network.
 18. The method of claim 17 wherein the service management center communicating handoff information, whereby a session provided to a first WTRU on the system communicating through said connection continues through a handoff to a second WTRU.
 19. The method of claim 17 wherein the service management center communicating handoff information, whereby a session provided to a first WTRU on the system communicating through said connection continues through a handoff to a second WTRU through a different service having access technology capability with the WTRU.
 20. The method of claim 17 wherein the service management center communicating handoff information, whereby a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) on the system communicating through said connection having access technology capability with the WTRU reroutes its communication through a different service having access technology capability with the WTRU.
 21. The method of claim 17 comprising: providing at least one service client/server (SC/S); and using the service management center to select an air interface based on communication capabilities of the WTRU and the nature of the communication between the WTRU and the SC/S.
 22. The method of claim 17 comprising: determining a service selection criterion; and the determining of the services provided to said WTRU in accordance with the service selection criterion.
 23. The method of claim 22 comprising: determining from a WTRU registering with said service management center an evaluation factor; and using the evaluation factor in the determining of the services provided to said WTRU in accordance with the WTRU selection criterion.
 24. The method of claim 22 comprising: determining from WTRU registering with said service management center an evaluation factor; and using the evaluation factor in the determining of the services provided to said WTRU in accordance with the WTRU selection criterion as one of an IEEE 802.11, 802.16 and 802.20 standard.
 25. The method of claim 17 comprising the service management center communicating with at least one of the first and second networks through an intermediate network.
 26. The method of claim 17 comprising the service management center communicating with the first and second networks through an intermediate network.
 27. A method for establishing communications links between a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) and networked services using multiple radio access technologies (RAT), the method comprising: establishing an initial communication link with a WTRU; using the communication link to communicate between the WTRU and a service management center; determining a profile of the WTRU, the profile including RATs supported by the WTRU so as to provide the profile to the service management center; and selecting a RAT providing a capability of communicating with said WTRU, the capability in accordance with the profile and available services at a physical location of the WTRU, whereby the service management center determines the set of services and parameters based on the capability and service profile of the wireless terminal, said RAT capabilities differing from one another and compatible with RAT capabilities of the WTRU.
 28. The method of claim 27 comprising: providing at least one service client/server (SC/S); and using the service management center to select one of said communication links in accordance with the RAT, the communication capabilities of the WTRU and the nature of the communication between the WTRU and the SC/S.
 29. The method of claim 27 wherein the service management center communicating handoff information, whereby a session provided to a first WTRU on the system communicating through said connection continues through a handoff to a second WTRU.
 30. The method of claim 27 wherein the service management center communicating handoff information, whereby a session provided to a first WTRU on the system communicating through said connection continues through a handoff to a second WTRU through a different service having access technology capability with the WTRU.
 31. The method of claim 27 comprising the service management center communicating handoff information, whereby a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) on the system communicating through said connection having RAT capability reroutes its communication through a different service also having RAT capability.
 32. The method of claim 27 comprising: determining a service selection criterion; and the determining of the services provided to said WTRU in accordance with the service selection criterion.
 33. The method of claim 32 comprising: determining from WTRU registering with said service management center an evaluation factor; and using the evaluation factor in the determining of the services provided to said WTRU in accordance with the WTRU selection criterion.
 34. The method of claim 32 comprising: determining from WTRU registering with said service management center an evaluation factor; and using the evaluation factor in the determining of the services provided to said WTRU in accordance with the WTRU selection criterion as one of an IEEE 802.11, 802.23 and 802.20 standard.
 35. The method of claim 27 comprising the service management center communicating with a service client/server (SC/S) as said separate WTRU.
 36. The method of claim 27 comprising the service management center communicating with at least one of the first and second networks through an intermediate network.
 37. The method of claim 27 comprising the service management center communicating with the first and second networks through an intermediate network.
 38. A method employed by first and second networks for selecting a radio access technology (RAT) capable of communicating with a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) having multiple RAT capabilities, said first and second networks having first and second RAT capabilities said RAT capabilities being different from one another and being compatible with RAT capabilities of said WTRU, comprising: establishing a connection with said first network with said WTRU; providing an address to said WTRU responsive to said connection; using a service management center to communicate with said WTRU and to provide communication connectivity sufficient to provide communications between the WTRU and a separate WTRU; registering said WTRU with said service management center to receive services; retrieving a user profile of the WTRU, the profile forwarded to said service management center and sending a request for capability of said WTRU; obtaining from said WTRU information including a capability and a service profile to said service management center responsive to said request; using said service management center to determine services to be provided to said WTRU and to activate said separate WTRU to provide said service responsive to said information; providing an acknowledgement signal to said service management center responsive to said activation; and responding to said acknowledge signal by using said service management center to provide an indication of said acknowledge signal to said WTRU.
 39. The method of claim 38 comprising: determining a service selection criterion; and the determining of the services provided to said WTRU in accordance with the service selection criterion.
 40. The method of claim 38 comprising: determining from WTRU registering with said service management center an evaluation factor; and using the evaluation factor in the determining of the services provided to said WTRU in accordance with the WTRU selection criterion.
 41. The method of claim 38 comprising: determining from WTRU registering with said service management center an evaluation factor; and using the evaluation factor in the determining of the services provided to said WTRU in accordance with the WTRU selection criterion as one of an IEEE 802.11, 802.16 and 802.20 standard.
 42. The method of claim 38 wherein the service management center communicating handoff information, whereby a session provided to a first WTRU on the system communicating through said connection continues through a handoff to a second WTRU.
 43. The method of claim 38 wherein the service management center communicating handoff information, whereby a session provided to a first WTRU on the system communicating through said connection continues through a handoff to a second WTRU through a different service having access technology capability with the WTRU.
 44. The method of claim 38 comprising the service management center communicating handoff information, whereby a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) on the system communicating through said connection having RAT capability reroutes its communication through a different service also having RAT capability.
 45. The method of claim 38 comprising the service management center communicating with a service client/server (SC/S) as said separate WTRU.
 46. The method of claim 38 comprising the service management center communicating with at least one of the first and second networks through an intermediate network.
 47. The method of claim 38 comprising the service management center communicating with the first and second networks through an intermediate network.
 48. The method of claim 38 comprising the service management center communicating handoff information, whereby a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) on the system communicating through said connection having RAT capability reroutes its communication through a different service also having RAT capability. 